Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Dietil Eter Rimpang Lempuyang Wangi (Zingiber Aromaticum Vahl.) terhadap Bakteri Patogen secara Klt-Bioautografi

Antimicrobial Activity of Dietil Eter extract of Lempuyang Wangi Rimpang (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) to pathogen bacterial through TLC-Bioautography. Research has done by screening test using Streptococcus mutans, Vibrio sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans by methanol extract, diethyl ether extract and n-buthanol extract which were use 1 mg/ml. Result which obtained exhibit diethyl ether extract inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Vibrio sp. Antimicrobial potential assay of diethyl ether extract of Zingiber aromaticum Vahl. has done by liquid dilution method to get the MIC value in concentration of 0,05 %, 0,1 %, 0,2 %, 0,4%, and 0,8 % which continued by smearing on solidified medium to get the MLC value. The result shown that MKC could not be determined due to turbidity of the test solution mean while the MLC of the extract as much as 0,2 % on Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi and 0,4 % on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Vibrio sp. TLC-bioautography test has done to get the compound which had antimicrobial activity. The best result was obtained from separation through TLC-bioautography by means of eluent n-hexan : ethyl acetate (8 : 2). TLC-bioautography test result shown that the spot in Rf 0,07 has antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus epidermidis, Rf 0,2 has antimicrobial activity on Vibrio sp., Rf 0,07, 0,45, 0,56 and 0,69 has antimicrobial activity on Bacillus subtilis, and Rf 0,2 has antimicrobial activity on Salmonella typhi. Identification result of the chemical component shown that the active compound which given positif result on spot viewer were in Rf 0,07; 0,2; 0,45; 0,56; and 0,69

Depleted Galaxy Cores and Dynamical Black Hole Masses

Shallow cores in bright, massive galaxies are commonly thought to be the result of scouring of stars by mergers of binary supermassive black holes. Past investigations have suggested correlations between the central black hole mass and the stellar light or mass deficit in the core, using proxy measurements of $M_{\rm BH}$ or stellar mass-to-light ratios ($\Upsilon$). Drawing on a wealth of dynamical models which provide both $M_{\rm BH}$ and $\Upsilon$, we identify cores in 23 galaxies, of which 20 have direct, reliable measurements of $M_{\rm BH}$ and dynamical stellar mass-to-light ratios ($\Upsilon_{\star,{\rm dyn}}$). These cores are identified and measured using Core-S\'ersic model fits to surface brightness profiles which extend out to large radii (typically more than the effective radius of the galaxy); for approximately one fourth of the galaxies, the best fit includes an outer (\sersic) envelope component. We find that the core radius is most strongly correlated with the black hole mass and that it correlates better with total galaxy luminosity than it does with velocity dispersion. The strong core-size-- $M_{\rm BH}$ correlation enables estimation of black hole masses (in core galaxies) with an accuracy comparable to the $M_{\rm BH}$--$\sigma$ relation (rms scatter of 0.30 dex in $\log M_{\rm BH}$), without the need for spectroscopy. The light and mass deficits correlate more strongly with galaxy velocity dispersion than they do with black hole mass. Stellar mass deficits span a range of 0.2--39 \mbh, with almost all (87%) being $< 10 \, M_{\rm BH}$; the median value is 2.2 $M_{\rm BH}$.Comment: Proof-corrected version, AJ, 146, 160, http://stacks.iop.org/1538-3881/146/16

Strategi Distribusi Produk Teh Siap Saji

Freshbrew Mels Beverages adalah sebuah Perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang minuman ringan yang memproduksi teh dalam kemasan. Merek produknya adalah “Mary Tea” yang terdiri dari dua jenis minuman teh. Freshbrew Mels Beverages menggunakan sistem distribusi “forwarder” dalam mendistribusikan produk ke pasaran yaitu Jawa Tengah, Lampung dan Bali. Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh Perusahaan adalah saluran distribusi yang tidak optimal dalam jumlah produk yang dikirimkan dan biaya yang dikeluarkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis sistem distribusi yang digunakan oleh Perusahaan dan merumuskan strategi untuk mendistribusikan produk dengan biaya minimum. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Metode deskriptif meliputi benchmarking, sedangkan pendekatan kuantitatif meliputi analisis marjin distribusi, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), dan analisis finansial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) sistem distribusi “forwarder” adalah sistem distribusi yang digunakan oleh Perusahaan, 2) Jawa Tengah termasuk kelompok “under-performing”, sedangkan Lampung dan Bali termasuk kelompok “effectively managed but sales”, 3) faktor kritis yang mempengaruhi tingginya biaya distribusi adalah jumlah distributor resmi yang dimiliki oleh Perusahaan, 4) alternatif strategi terbaik adalah memperluas lokasi pemasaran di area produksi, dan 5) biaya investasi untuk membeli satu buah truk kontainer dapat dilakukan dengan Net B/C 4,88 selama lima tahun enam bulan. Strategi yang direkomendasikan adalah melalui pengembangan pasar, pemilihan transportasi dan jasa ekspedisi, kepemilikian distributor resmi, peningkatan penjualan, dan sistem manajemen yang terkoordinasi

Zeolite incorporated polycaprolactone/zeolite nanocomposite membranes for silverremoval

The presence of heavy metals in drinking water leads to several health problems. Nano and micro fiber membranes can be used to overcome this through nano or microfiltration process. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL)/zeolite electrospun composite membranes were fabricated and characterized. PCL is one of the synthetic polymers used in biomedical applications. It has several advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical flexibility. On the other hand, zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents. Electrospinning is a promising technique to produce membranes by applying high voltage electricity. In this research, an electrospinning technique was used to fabricate the electrospun membrane based on PCL and zeolite. In order to produce electrospun membrane, 15% (w/v) of PCL polymer solution was dissolved in acetone and 20% (w/v) zeolite nanoparticles were incorporated into the PCL polymer solution. The diameter range of fiber was 2-6 μm. Zeolite nanoparticles were distributed homogenously into the fibers. EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of zeolite throughout the membrane. From the performance testing, it was revealed that the membrane can be potentially used as microfiltration to entrap silver contaminants in drinking water. Apart of that, the membranes are prepared with biocompatible, non-toxic materials which can be eco-friendly

Perangkat Pembacaan Data Analog Peralatan Industri Dengan Komunikasi Standard RS-485

Perekaman data-data parameter atau variabel di perangkat kendali jaring tertutup di industri dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai macam cara. Dengan menggunakan programmbale Logic controller (PLC), perekaman data-data parameter berbasis waktu telah dilakukan. Namun keterbatasan memori PLC mempersulit pembacaan dan meningkatkan biaya perekaman. Perekaman dngan pena bergerak di industri, juga sering ditemui. Kelemahan cara ini adalah pemborosan kertas dan pengamatan variabel yang cukup sulit, sehingga tumpukan kertas hasil rekaman semakin banyak dan semakin mempersulit dokumentasi proses kendali industri. Oleh karena itu diperlukan perangkat yang fleksibel dengan memori yang dapat diekspansi dengan biaya murah dan tanpa kertas. Paper ini menjelaskan desain perangkat perekam dengan menggunakan komputer PC untuk data-data di lapangan industri. Kata Kunci— Komunikasi data, kendali industri, mikrokontroller

Karakteristik dan Struktur Mikro Gel Campuran Semirefined Carrageenan dan Glukomanan

Karagenan dan glukomanan merupakan komponen pembentuk gel, karena memiliki pengaruh sinergis yang menghasilkan gel yang memiliki kekuatan tinggi, elastis, dan sineresis rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan struktur mikro gel kombinasi semirefined carrageenan dan glukomanan pada berbagai perbandingan. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan campuran semirefined carrageenan dan glukomanan 1:1 memiliki nilai kekuatan gel dan kekerasan tertinggi yaitu sebesar 3.649,09 g/cm2 dan 701,72 g, perbandingan 1:3 memiliki nilai sineresis yang rendah dibandingkan dengan perbandingan lainnya yaitu sebesar 7,36%, sedangkan nilai rigiditas tertinggi diperoleh perbandingan 2:1 yaitu sebesar 4.282,45 g/cm. Struktur mikro gel yang dihasilkan untuk semua perlakuan berbeda satu sama lainnya yaitu untuk perbandingan 1:1 memiliki struktur yang kompak dan padat. Peningkatan penambahan glukomanan akan menghasilkan gel yang lebih elastis dan cenderung lebih lembut daripada struktur matriks gel yang tidak kompak dan menggumpal serta memiliki rongga yang cukup banyak seperti ada perbandingan 1:2, 1:3, dan 1:4 sedangkan penambahan semirefined carrageenan menghasilkan gel yang keras dan kaku serta terlihat dari struktur gel yang lebih padat dan kompak dengan rongga yang terlihat pada perbandingan 2:1, 3:1, dan 4:1

The SINFONI Black Hole Survey: The Black Hole Fundamental Plane revisited and the paths of (co-) evolution of supermassive black holes and bulges

We investigate the correlations between the black hole mass $M_{BH}$, the velocity dispersion $\sigma$, the bulge mass $M_{Bu}$, the bulge average spherical density $\rho_h$ and its spherical half mass radius $r_h$, constructing a database of 97 galaxies (31 core ellipticals, 17 power-law ellipticals, 30 classical bulges, 19 pseudo bulges) by joining 72 galaxies from the literature to 25 galaxies observed during our recent SINFONI black hole survey. For the first time we discuss the full error covariance matrix. We analyse the well known $M_{BH}-\sigma$ and $M_{BH}-M_{Bu}$ relations and establish the existence of statistically significant correlations between $M_{Bu}$ and $r_h$ and anti-correlations between $M_{Bu}$ and $\rho_h$. We establish five significant bivariate correlations ($M_{BH}-\sigma-\rho_h$, $M_{BH}-\sigma-r_h$, $M_{BH}-M_{Bu}-\sigma$, $M_{BH}-M_{Bu}-\rho_h$, $M_{BH}-M_{Bu}-r_h$) that predict $M_{BH}$ of 77 core and power-law ellipticals and classical bulges with measured and intrinsic scatter as small as $\approx 0.36$ dex and $\approx 0.33$ dex respectively, or 0.26 dex when the subsample of 45 galaxies defined by Kormendy and Ho (2013) is considered. In contrast, pseudo bulges have systematically lower $M_{BH}$, but approach the predictions of all the above relations at spherical densities $\rho_h\ge 10^{10} M_\odot/kpc^3$ or scale lengths $r_h\le 1$ kpc. These findings fit in a scenario of co-evolution of BH and classical-bulge masses, where core ellipticals are the product of dry mergers of power-law bulges and power-law Es and bulges the result of (early) gas-rich mergers and of disk galaxies. In contrast, the (secular) growth of BHs is decoupled from the growth of their pseudo bulge hosts, except when (gas) densities are high enough to trigger the feedback mechanism responsible for the existence of the correlations between $M_{BH}$ and galaxy structural parameters.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, proofs correcte

The supermassive black hole and double nucleus of the core elliptical NGC5419

We obtained adaptive-optics assisted SINFONI observations of the central regions of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC5419 with a spatial resolution of 0.2 arcsec ($\approx 55$ pc). NGC5419 has a large depleted stellar core with a radius of 1.58 arcsec (430 pc). HST and SINFONI images show a point source located at the galaxy's photocentre, which is likely associated with the low-luminosity AGN previously detected in NGC5419. Both the HST and SINFONI images also show a second nucleus, off-centred by 0.25 arcsec ($\approx 70$ pc). Outside of the central double nucleus, we measure an almost constant velocity dispersion of $\sigma \sim 350$ km/s. In the region where the double nucleus is located, the dispersion rises steeply to a peak value of $\sim 420$ km/s. In addition to the SINFONI data, we also obtained stellar kinematics at larger radii from the South African Large Telescope. While NGC5419 shows low rotation ($v < 50$ km/s), the central regions (inside $\sim 4 \, r_b$) clearly rotate in the opposite direction to the galaxy's outer parts. We use orbit-based dynamical models to measure the black hole mass of NGC5419 from the kinematical data outside of the double nuclear structure. The models imply M$_{\rm BH}=7.2^{+2.7}_{-1.9} \times 10^9$ M$_{\odot}$. The enhanced velocity dispersion in the region of the double nucleus suggests that NGC5419 possibly hosts two supermassive black holes at its centre, separated by only $\approx 70$ pc. Yet our measured M$_{\rm BH}$ is consistent with the black hole mass expected from the size of the galaxy's depleted stellar core. This suggests, that systematic uncertainties in M$_{\rm BH}$ related to the secondary nucleus are small.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

Perbandingan Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Stad (Student Teams Achievement Devisions) dengan Pembelajaran Konvensional pada Materi Termokimia Kelas XI SMA Negeri 7 Palu

The aims of this research is to increase result of learning student at items of thermochemistry of class XI SMA Negeri 7 Palu. One of effort used to increase result of learning the by applying model the study of co-operative of type STAD (Student Teams Achievement Devision). As for which this research background because items termokimia represent the items assumed difficult by this items and student also of vital importance comprehended by student of class XI. So that is not assumed difficult, draging on and is easy to comprehended by student hence teacher have to give a pleasant study model with the model of study of co-operative of type STAD (Student Teams Achievement Devision). this Research Population is all student of class of XI IPA SMA Negeri 7 Palu of school year 2012/2013 consisted of by 3 class and sampel used consisted of by two class that is XI IPA1 as much 37 people as class of experiment and class of XI IPA2 as much 37 people as control class determined by purposive sampling. Data collecting done to use the instrument tes in the form of tes result of learning is tested by the student chemistry of validity, reliabilitas, mount the difficulty and energy of the difference. Data examination result of research use the statistical analysis test the t one party (right) with the prerequisite test, test the normalitas, and homogeneity. At this research obtained by a mean score result of learning student by using model of study of co-operative of type STAD is 13.20 while mean score result of learning student following conventiona l study 8.93. Pursuant to hypothesis examination statistically test the t one party (right) obtained by value t calc > t table that is 6.88 > 1.67 with the belief level = 0.05 and dk = 72. The result refer that result learn the student chemistry use the model of study of compared to by better type STAD co-operative result learn the student by using conventional study model

Peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Studi Kasus: Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Pengembangan Pari-wisata Panorama Pantai Disa, Kec. Sahu, Kabupaten Halmahera Barat)

: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of local governments in estab- community empowerment through the development of tourism in the district. West Halmahera and to determine the factors that affect the government\u27s role in the creation-empowerment of communities through tourism development. The role of local government West Halmahera, in empowering communities through tourism development through the optimization of tourism information, optimization of attractions, community mobilization and management optimization tourism management. Factors that influence air in empowering communities through tourism development Panorama Disa Beach district. Sahu Halmahera district Barata among others, the promotional aspects and facets of society. Factors funding for tourism development is still minimal and do not yet have comprehensive guidelines